Diabetes Mellitus is a long-term condition that affects how the body turns food into energy. When we eat, our body breaks down food into sugar (glucose), which enters the bloodstream. In response, the pancreas releases a hormone called insulin, which helps move glucose from the blood into the cells, where it is used for energy.
However, in people with diabetes mellitus, this process does not work properly. Either the body does not make enough insulin, or it does not use insulin effectively. As a result, too much sugar stays in the bloodstream, leading to high blood sugar (hyperglycemia). Over time, this can cause serious health problems, such as heart disease, kidney damage, nerve issues, and vision problems.
The term “diabetes mellitus” comes from Greek and Latin origins. “Diabetes” means “to pass through,” referring to frequent urination, one of the main symptoms. “Mellitus” means “honey-sweet,” referring to the high sugar content in the urine of people with the condition.
Types of Diabetes Mellitus and How They Affect the Body
There are three main types of diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes mellitus occurs when the immune system mistakenly attacks and destroys insulin-producing cells in the pancreas. Without insulin, sugar cannot enter the cells, leading to dangerously high blood sugar levels. People with type 1 diabetes must take insulin every day to survive. This type is usually diagnosed in children or young adults and may be linked to genetic and environmental factors, such as viral infections (American Diabetes Association).
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type. It happens when the body becomes resistant to insulin or does not produce enough insulin. As a result, sugar stays in the bloodstream instead of being used for energy. This type is often linked to lifestyle factors such as diet, lack of exercise, and being overweight. It typically develops in adults but is increasingly seen in younger people due to rising obesity rates (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)).
Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs during pregnancy when hormonal changes make it harder for the body to use insulin effectively. While it usually goes away after birth, women who have had gestational diabetes are at higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. Managing blood sugar during pregnancy is crucial for the health of both mother and baby (National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases).
Symptoms, Causes, and Risk Factors
Diabetes symptoms can develop quickly or gradually, depending on the type. Common symptoms include frequent urination, excessive thirst, unexplained weight loss, fatigue, blurry vision, slow-healing wounds, and numbness or tingling in the hands and feet. If left untreated, diabetes can lead to serious complications affecting multiple organs.
Several factors increase the risk of developing diabetes. Genetics play a role, as having a family history of diabetes raises the likelihood of developing the condition. Obesity is a significant risk factor, as excess weight, particularly around the abdomen, contributes to insulin resistance. Lack of physical activity also makes it harder for the body to regulate blood sugar levels. Diet plays a crucial role, with diets high in processed sugars, refined carbohydrates, and unhealthy fats increasing the risk of diabetes. Age is another factor, as type 2 diabetes is more common in people over 45, though younger individuals are increasingly affected. High blood pressure and high cholesterol often occur alongside diabetes and increase the risk of complications.
How Diabetes Mellitus Affects the Body Over Time
If diabetes is not managed properly, it can lead to serious health complications. High blood sugar damages blood vessels, increasing the risk of heart disease and stroke. The kidneys become overworked, leading to kidney disease or kidney failure. High blood sugar levels also damage nerves, causing pain, numbness, and loss of sensation, especially in the feet. Damage to blood vessels in the eyes can result in vision problems or blindness. Poor circulation and nerve damage increase the risk of foot infections, which, in severe cases, may require amputation.
Managing and Preventing Diabetes Mellitus
While type 1 diabetes cannot be prevented, type 2 diabetes can often be delayed or avoided with healthy lifestyle choices. Eating a balanced diet with whole grains, lean proteins, and fiber-rich foods while reducing processed sugar and refined carbohydrates can help regulate blood sugar levels. Regular exercise, such as walking, cycling, or swimming, improves insulin sensitivity. Maintaining a healthy weight can significantly lower the risk of developing diabetes. Monitoring blood sugar levels regularly allows individuals to track changes and adjust their treatment as needed. Some people require medications, insulin injections, or both to control their blood sugar levels effectively.
Conclusion
Diabetes Mellitus is a condition that affects how the body processes sugar, leading to high blood sugar levels. While it can cause serious health problems, it is manageable with proper care and lifestyle changes. If you think you may have diabetes or are at risk, talk to a healthcare provider for early diagnosis and treatment.